Wann wird Haschisch ganz legalisiert??
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Eröffnet am: | 16.01.05 10:59 | von: Hadschi Hale. | Anzahl Beiträge: | 109 |
Neuester Beitrag: | 17.01.05 21:08 | von: danjelshake | Leser gesamt: | 2.862 |
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Wenn es so wäre, wie Du in Deinen medizinischen Pro-Argumenten beschreibst (und nur die meine ich hier), wäre es schön. Leider verhält es sich anders. Die einschlägige wissenschaftliche Literatur, insbesondere der letzten Jahre, zeigt ein völlig anderes Bild, auch bei Gelegenheitskonsumenten.
Neuere Quellen:
Cannabis and risk of psychosis.
Drewe M, Drewe J, Riecher-Rossler A.
Psychiatric Outpatient Department and Clinic for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
Legalization of cannabis use in Switzerland has recently been debated by the Swiss Parliament. Although legalization has not yet been decided upon, it is still the subject of impassioned public discussion. If cannabis use is legalized, an increase in consumption is to be expected. One of the manifold negative consequences for mental health will probably be an increase in the prevalence of psychoses -- not only acute, toxic psychosis but also chronic psychoses. Schizophrenic psychoses are expected to be triggered at an earlier age and to be negatively influenced in their course. This eventuality could have deleterious consequences not only for many currently healthy individuals predisposed to psychosis, but also for the disability pension.
http://www.smw.ch/pdf200x/2004/45/smw-10802.pdf
Cannabis-associated psychosis: current status of research.
Leweke FM, Gerth CW, Klosterkotter J.
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. m.leweke@uni.de
Cannabis has been used for recreational, medicinal and religious purposes in different cultures since ancient times. There have been various reports of adverse effects due to or associated with cannabis consumption, including psychotic episodes. Historically, our understanding of these clinical observations has been significantly hindered by a lack of knowledge regarding their underlying neurobiological and pharmacological processes. However, the discovery of the endogenous cannabinoid system has allowed a greater understanding of these adverse effects to develop. From a clinical perspective, toxic or transient psychotic reactions to the administration of herbal cannabis preparations or specific cannabinoid compounds have to be differentiated from longer-lasting, persistent schizophrenia-like disorders associated with the use of cannabis/cannabinoids. The latter are most likely to be associated with a predisposition or vulnerability to schizophrenia. Interestingly, the recently suggested role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in schizophrenia not related to previous cannabinoid consumption introduces an additional perspective on the mechanism underlying cannabis-associated schizophrenia-like disorders, as well as on the effects of cannabis consumption in schizophrenia. At present, acute psychopharmacological treatment options for cannabis-associated transient and persistent schizophrenia-like psychotic episodes are similar and are based on the use of benzodiazepines and antipsychotics. However, new pharmacological strategies using the endogenous cannabinoid system as a primary target are under development. Long-term psychotherapeutic treatment options involve case management strategies and are mainly based on specialised psychotherapeutic programmes to encourage cannabis users to stop their use of the drug.
Recent progress in the neurotoxicology of natural drugs associated with dependence or addiction, their endogenous agonists and receptors.
Kobayashi H, Suzuki T, Kamata R, Saito S, Sato I, Tsuda S, Matsusaka N.
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan.
Nicotine in tobacco, tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) in marijuana and morphine in opium are well known as drugs associated with dependence or addiction. Endogenous active substances that mimic the effects of the natural drugs and their respective receptors have been found in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Such active substances and receptors include acetylcholine (ACh) and the nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) for nicotine, anandamide and CB1 for delta 9-THC, and endomorphins (1 and 2) and the mu (OP3) opioid receptor for morphine, respectively. Considerable progress has been made in studies on neurotoxicity, in terms of the habituation, dependence and withdrawal phenomena associated with these drugs and with respect to correlations with endogenous active substances and their receptors. In this article we shall review recent findings related to the neurotoxicity of tobacco, marijuana and opium, and their toxic ingredients, nicotine, delta 9-THC and morphine in relation to their respective endogenous agents and receptors in the CNS.
Prospective cohort study of cannabis use, predisposition for psychosis, and psychotic symptoms in young people.
Henquet C, Krabbendam L, Spauwen J, Kaplan C, Lieb R, Wittchen HU, van Os J.
Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, PO BOX 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relation between cannabis use and psychotic symptoms in individuals with above average predisposition for psychosis who first used cannabis during adolescence. DESIGN: Analysis of prospective data from a population based sample. Assessment of substance use, predisposition for psychosis, and psychotic symptoms was based on standardised personal interviews at baseline and at follow up four years later. PARTICIPANTS: 2437 young people (aged 14 to 24 years) with and without predisposition for psychosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Psychotic symptoms at follow up as a function of cannabis use and predisposition for psychosis at baseline. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, sex, socioeconomic status, urbanicity, childhood trauma, predisposition for psychosis at baseline, and use of other drugs, tobacco, and alcohol, cannabis use at baseline increased the cumulative incidence of psychotic symptoms at follow up four years later (adjusted odds ratio 1.67, 95% confidence interval 1.13 to 2.46). The effect of cannabis use was much stronger in those with any predisposition for psychosis at baseline (23.8% adjusted difference in risk, 95% confidence interval 7.9 to 39.7, P = 0.003) than in those without (5.6%, 0.4 to 10.8, P = 0.033). The risk difference in the "predisposition" group was significantly greater than the risk difference in the "no predisposition" group (test for interaction 18.2%, 1.6 to 34.8, P = 0.032). There was a dose-response relation with increasing frequency of cannabis use. Predisposition for psychosis at baseline did not significantly predict cannabis use four years later (adjusted odds ratio 1.42, 95% confidence interval 0.88 to 2.31). CONCLUSION: Cannabis use moderately increases the risk of psychotic symptoms in young people but has a much stronger effect in those with evidence of predisposition for psychosis.
Absoluter Neuling
...hier abhängig sind oder aufgrund eigener Abhängigkeit für eine Legalisierung eintreten.
Absoluter Neuling
SL ist bei vielen Themen extrem stur und ideologisch, sagen wir mal, gefestigt., aber intelligent.
kiiwii ist einfach nur doof.
Absoluter Neuling
Zu SL muß ich dir recht geben......(leider *gg*)
zu kiiwii eigentlich auch
@kiwii
wenn du schon Fremdwörter benutzen willst dann schlag das nächste mal genauer nach...
...ich wollte Dich nur vor einer weiteren Pleite bewahren, weil ich fürchte, dass Du nicht weisst, worum es sich dabei handelt - darauf lässt jedenfalls Dein Gebrauch des Begriffes schliessen.
Absoluter Neuling
Rauschgifte hingegen - und dazu gehören auch Haschisch und Marihuana - sind dagegen immer Drogen und keine Genußmittel, weil es hier allein um den Rauscheffekt geht. Ansonsten macht deren Konsum keinen Sinn.
Rauschgiftkonsum fügt der Gesellschaft vielfältigen Schaden zu. Man denke etwa an die erhöhten Gesundheitskosten oder die bereits erwähnten Probleme im schulischen Bereich. Und wenn bekiffte Cannabis-Konsumenten als Autofahrer Unfälle verursachen, dann trifft das auch Dritte.
J.R.
J.R.
Zum Thema Alkohol und Nikotin: Beide Substanzen können sowohl Genußmittel als auch Droge sein, je nach Konsummenge. Wer abends 1-2 Gläser Bier oder Wein trinkt, den wird man kaum als "drogenabhängig" bezeichnen können. Wer sich hingegen mit 2 Flaschen Korn am Tag die Kante gibt, den schon.
Rauschgifte hingegen - und dazu gehören auch Haschisch und Marihuana - sind dagegen immer Drogen und keine Genußmittel, weil es hier allein um den Rauscheffekt geht. Ansonsten macht deren Konsum keinen Sinn.
Ich dachte das eigentlich jedem klar ist das sowohl Hasch, Kokain Tabak sowie Alkohol Drogen sind...naja für dich wohl nicht dann ist mir einiges klar!!!
Bei mäßigem Konsum von Alkohol oder Nikotin steht nicht der Rauscheffekt im Vordergrund. Bei Cannabis - per Defintion eine "Rauschdroge" - sieht das anders aus.
Und wenn Du Kokain in eine Reihe mit Tabak und Alkohol stellst, dann ist das nun wirklich völlig daneben.
J.R.
@JR Ewing: Du hast in der Tat die falschen Vergleiche der Freigabe-Befürworter richtig herausgestellt - es gibt da deutliche Abstufungen. Aber einige Vermengen hier Musik, normales Essen, Sport, Fernsehen usw. mit krebserregenden Giften. Und das ist wirklich völlig daneben!